- KIST Developed technology to store and manipulate electronic states in quantum dots measuring 10 nanometers or less. We live in an era of data deluge. The data centers that are operated to store and process this flood of data use a lot of electricity, which has been called a major contributor to environmental pollution. To overcome this situation, polygonal computing systems with lower power consumption and higher computation speed are being researched, but they are not able to handle the huge demand for data processing because they operate with electrical signals, just like conventional binary computing systems. The Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST, President Seok Jin Yoon) announced that Dr. Do Kyung Hwang of the Center for Opto-Electronic Materials & Devices and Professor Jong-Soo Lee of the Department of Energy Science & Engineering at Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST, President Young Kuk) has jointly developed a new zero-dimensional and two-dimensional (2D-0D) semiconductor artificial junction material and observed the effect of a next-generation memory powered by light. Transmitting data between the computing and storage parts of a multi-level computer using light rather than electrical signals can dramatically increase processing speed. [Figure 1] 2D-0D HYBRID OPTICAL MEMORY DEVICES The research team has fabricated a new 2D-0D semiconductor artificial junction material by joining quantum dots in a core-shell structure with zinc sulfide (ZnS) on the surface of cadmium selenide (CdSe) and a molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) semiconductor. The new material enables the storage and manipulation of electronic states within quantum dots measuring 10 nm or less. When light is applied to the cadmium selenide core, a certain number of electrons flow out of the molybdenum sulfide semiconductor, trapping holes in the core and making it conductive. The electron state inside cadmium selenide is also quantized. Intermittent light pulses trap electrons in the electron band one after the other, inducing a change in the resistance of the molybdenum sulfide through the field effect, and the resistance changes in a cascading manner depending on the number of light pulses. This process makes it possible to divide and maintain more than 0 and 10 states, unlike conventional memory, which has only 0 and 1 states. The zinc sulfide shell also prevents charge leakage between neighboring quantum dots, allowing each single quantum dot to function as a memory. [Figure 2] Electron micrographs of the 2D-0D hybrid surface implemented in this study (top left), memory characteristics generated by light pulses (top right), and polynomial memory characteristics generated by multiple light pulses (bottom). While quantum dots in conventional 2D-0D semiconductor artificial junction structures simply amplify signals from light sensors, the team's quantum dot structure perfectly mimics the floating gate memory structure, confirming its potential for use as a next-generation optical memory. The researchers verified the effectiveness of the polynomial memory phenomenon with neural network modeling using the CIFAR-10 dataset and achieved a 91% recognition rate. Dr. Hwang of KIST said, "The new multi-level optical memory device will contribute to accelerating the industrialization of next-generation system technologies such as artificial intelligence systems, which have been difficult to commercialize due to technical limitations arising from the miniaturization and integration of existing silicon semiconductor devices." ### KIST was established in 1966 as the first government-funded research institute in Korea. KIST now strives to solve national and social challenges and secure growth engines through leading and innovative research. For more information, please visit KIST’s website at https://eng.kist.re.kr/ This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT (Minister Jong-ho Lee) as a mid-career researcher project and a major project of KIST, and the results were published in the international journal Advanced Materials (IF: 29.4). Journal : Advanced Materials Title : Probing optical multi-level memory effects in single core-shell quantum dots and application through 2D-0D hybrid inverters Publication Date : 19-July-2023 DOI :https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202303664

- Development of a sweat sensor patch that converts and processes sweat flow rate and ion concentration into spike signals - Resolves driving time and energy issues for long-term sweat monitoring unconventionally Human sweat contains chemical information including blood metabolites, ion concentrations, and nutrients. Monitoring this information using a wearable sensor can allow non-invasive (i.e. without blood sampling), real time health status tracking. For example, knowing sweat volume and ion concentrations can help people maintain adequate water and sodium levels during physical activities, and can prevent hypoglycemic shock by identifying symptomatic excessive sweating. Since a wearable sweat sensor patch generates a large amount of redundant data due to real-time continuous data wireless transmission and consumes a considerable amount of energy, it has been difficult to achieve sufficient operating time to render its use practical. Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST, President Seok Jin Yoon) announced that Dr. Hyunjung Yi's research team at the Center for Spintronics and professor Rhokyun Kwak's research team at the Hanyang University Department of Mechanical Engineering have developed a wearable sweat sensor patch with dramatically improved energy efficiency that can operate for more than 24 hours by imitating the efficient information processing method of sensory neurons. When a human sensory neuron receives external stimuli, it translates the information into spike signals. External stimulus strength is directly proportional to spike signal frequency. This event-based spike signal processing method used by neurons enables efficient, fast, and accurate processing of massive amounts of complex external stimulus data. If this "event-based wireless monitoring" method used by human sensory neurons is applied, data is only transmitted when important events related to the user's health indicators occur, minimizing energy consumption by the wireless monitor. These research teams have developed a wireless wearable sweat sensor patch that imitates the 'spike signals' of sensory neurons and has demonstrated in clinical trials the ability to dramatically reduce energy consumption through event-based wireless monitoring. Sweat is structured by the patch in a way that places a sweat removal layer on top of a conical open vertical sweat channel that can rapidly remove the sweat filling in the channel (Figure 2). Each sweat channel inner wall harbors a pair of electrodes, allowing conversion of the process of sweat filling the channel and getting removed into electrical signals. Electrical signals increase when channels are filled, and rapidly decrease each time the sweat is instantaneously removed. As this process is repeated, a spike-form signal is created. The frequency and amplitude of the spike signals carry interpretable information on the speed of sweat excretion and the concentration of sweat ion components. Through the repeated process of filling and emptying, the sweat sensor can operate continuously for a long period of time, and since newly secreted sweat is not mixed with preexisting sweat, the sensor can deliver accurate information. The research teams have experimentally proven that the energy consumption of this event-based data transmission method is only 0.63% of the energy consumption of continuous data transmission, allowing the developed wearable sweat sensor patch to operate continuously for more than 24 hours. Information from sweat on various skin surfaces in real exercise situations has successfully been obtained in clinical trials. Development of this patch enables long-term sweat monitoring that can be used to detect acute diseases or their precursors, such as nocturnal hypoglycemic shock and heart attack. The sensing method is expected to enable more energy-efficient and intelligent digital health management by application to other types of skin-attached sensors and adoption of new computing technologies. This research was conducted as a part of the Samsung Research Funding Center of Samsung Electronics and supported by a Midcareer Research Grant from the Ministry of Science and ICT (Minister Jong Ho Lee). It has been published as the Editors' highlight paper in the international journal 'Nature Communication'. Journal: Nature Communications Title: An epifluidic electronic patch with spiking sweat clearance for event-driven perspiration monitoring DIO: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34442-y Schematic diagram of spike encoding in response to external stimuli by a biological sensory neuron and by the newly developed sweat sensor patch Structure and operating principle of the newly developed sweat sensor patch (top). Spike event-based wireless sweat monitoring clinical study using sweat sensor patch (bottom).

- KIST discovered critical variables to maximize the performance of artificial synaptic devices - Green light for next-generation neuromorphic system development Neuromorphic computing system technology mimicking the human brain has emerged and overcome the limitation of excessive power consumption regarding the existing von Neumann computing method. A high-performance, analog artificial synapse device, capable of expressing various synapse connection strengths, is required to implement a semiconductor device that uses a brain information transmission method. This method uses signals transmitted between neurons when a neuron generates a spike signal. However, considering conventional resistance-variable memory devices widely used as artificial synapses, as the filament grows with varying resistance, the electric field increases, causing a feedback phenomenon, resulting in rapid filament growth. Therefore, it is challenging to implement considerable plasticity while maintaining analog (gradual) resistance variation concerning the filament type. The Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST, President Yoon Seok-jin), led by Dr. YeonJoo Jeong’s team at the Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, solved the limitations of analog synaptic characteristics, plasticity, and information preservation, which are chronic obstacles regarding memristors, neuromorphic semiconductor devices. He announced the development of an artificial synaptic semiconductor device capable of highly reliable neuromorphic computing. The KIST research team fine-tuned the redox properties of active electrode ions to solve small synaptic plasticity hindering the performance of existing neuromorphic semiconductor devices. Furthermore, various transition metals were doped and used in the synaptic device, controlling the reduction probability of active electrode ions. It was discovered that the high reduction probability of ions is a critical variable in the development of high-performance artificial synaptic devices. Therefore, a titanium transition metal, having a high ion reduction probability, was introduced by the research team into an existing artificial synaptic device. This maintains the synapse’s analog characteristics and the device plasticity at the synapse of the biological brain, approximately five times the difference between high and low resistances. Furthermore, they developed a high-performance neuromorphic semiconductor that is approximately 50 times more efficient. Additionally, due to the high alloy formation reaction concerning the doped titanium transition metal, the information retention increased up to 63 times compared with the existing artificial synaptic device. Furthermore, brain functions, including long-term potentiation and long-term depression, could be more precisely simulated. The team implemented an artificial neural network learning pattern using the developed artificial synaptic device and attempted artificial intelligence image recognition learning. As a result, the error rate was reduced by more than 60% compared with the existing artificial synaptic device; additionally, the handwriting image pattern (MNIST) recognition accuracy increased by more than 69%. The research team confirmed the feasibility of a high-performance neuromorphic computing system through this improved the artificial synaptic device. Dr. Jeong of KIST stated, “This study drastically improved the synaptic range of motion and information preservation, which were the greatest technical barriers of existing synaptic mimics.” “In the developed artificial synapse device, the device’s analog operation area to express the synapse’s various connection strengths has been maximized, so the performance of brain simulation-based artificial intelligence computing will be improved.” Additionally, he mentioned, “In the follow-up research, we will manufacture a neuromorphic semiconductor chip based on the developed artificial synapse device to realize a high-performance artificial intelligence system, thereby further enhancing competitiveness in the domestic system and artificial intelligence semiconductor field.” Image [Figure 1] Concept image of the article [Figure 2] Example of visual information processing technology using the artificial synaptic device, confirming that the error rate is reduced by more than 60% by improving the device performance [Figure 3] Photographs of (a) Solar Energy Collector, (b) Membrane Distillation System

- World’s second successful demonstration of Scalable TF QKD network structure In modern cryptosystems, users generate public and private keys that guarantee security based on computational complexity and use them to encrypt and decrypt information. However, recently, modern public-key cryptosystems have faced potential security loopholes against quantum computers with great computational power. As a solution, quantum cryptosystems have been highly noticed. They use quantum keys that guarantee security based on quantum physics rather than computational complexity, thus they are secure even against quantum computers. Therefore, quantum cryptosystems are expected to replace modern cryptosystems. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most important technology for realizing quantum cryptosystems. Two main technical issues should be addressed to commercialize QKD. One is the communication distance, and the other is the expansion from one-to-one (1:1) communication to one-to-many (1:N) or many-to-many (N:N) network communication. Twin-field (TF) QKD, announced in 2018, is a long-distance protocol, which can dramatically increase the communication distance of QKD systems. In TF QKD, two users can distribute a key by transmitting quantum signals to an intermediate third-party that is for measurement. Given the inevitable channel loss, this architecture allows the users to increase the communication distance. However, despite its innovativeness, it has been experimentally demonstrated by only a few global QKD leading groups owing to the significant difficulty of system implementation, and research on the TF QKD network is still insufficient. The Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST, Director Seok-jin Yoon) announced that their research team, the Center for Quantum Information, led by director Sang-Wook Han, succeeded in an experimental demonstration of a practical TF QKD network. This is the second experimental demonstration of the TF QKD network in the world after the University of Toronto in Canada. The research team proposed a new TF QKD network structure scalable to a two-to-many (2:N) network based on polarization-, time-, and wavelength-division multiplexing. Unlike the first demonstration of the University of Toronto based on a ring network structure, the research team's architecture is based on a star network. The quantum signal in a ring structure must pass through every user connected to the ring, however, the star structure only has it go through the center, making it possible to implement a more practical QKD system. Besides, to overcome the main implementation obstacles to developing the TF QKD system, the team applied a plug-and-play (PnP) structure. A conventional TF QKD system requires many control systems, such as timing, wavelength, phase, and polarization controllers, to maintain the indistinguishability of two quantum signals emitted by two users’ different light sources. Whereas in the PnP TF QKD architecture developed by the KIST research team, the middle third-party generates and transmits the initial signals to both users using a single light source, and the signals return to the third-party by making a round trip. Therefore, the polarization drift due to the birefringence effect of the channel is automatically compensated, and users have fundamentally the same wavelength. In addition, due to the two signals passing through the same route in opposite directions, the arrival times of the signals are naturally identical. As a result, only a phase controller is required for implementing the research team's architecture. Based on the architecture, the team successfully conducted an experimental demonstration of a TF QKD network. "It is a significant research achievement showing the possibility of solving the two main obstacles to QKD commercialization, and we have gained a key technology leading the corresponding research," said Sang-Wook Han, the leader of the Center for Quantum Information. - Image 2:N TF QKD network structure

- An artificial tactile neuron device that quickly and accurately converts the stiffness of a substance. - Combining with AI technology enables learning of the stiffness levels and distributions of the tumor, suggesting the possibility of cancer diagnosis. The stiffness levels and distributions of various biological materials reflect disease-related information, from cells to tissues. For example, malignant breast tumors are usually stiffer and have a more irregular shape than benign breast tumors. Ultrasound elastography can non-invasively determine the degree and shape of the tissue stiffness and is used for diagnosing breast cancer owing to its low cost. However, the opinion of an experienced expert is essential for interpreting ultrasound elastography images, but different experts differ in accuracy. The president of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Mr. Seok-Jin Yoon, announced that Dr. Hyunjung Yi's team at the spin convergence research center and Suyoun Lee, the director of the Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, had developed a simple but highly accurate disease diagnosis technology by combining tactile neuron devices with artificial neural network learning methods. Unlike the previously reported artificial tactile neuron devices, this tactile neuron device can determine the stiffness of objects. Neuromorphic technology is a research field that aims to emulate the human brain's information processing method, which is capable of high-level functions while consuming a small amount of energy using electronic circuits. Neuromorphic technology is gaining attention as a new data processing technology fit for AI, IoT, and autonomous driving, requiring the real-time processing of complex and vast information. Sensory neurons receive external stimuli through sensory receptors and convert them into electrical spike signals. Here, the generated spike pattern varies based on the external stimulus information. For example, higher stimulus intensity causes higher generated spike frequency. The research team developed an artificial tactile neuron device with a simple structure that combines a pressure sensor and an ovonic threshold switch device to produce such sensory neuron characteristics. Applying pressure to the pressure sensor causes the sensor's resistance to decrease and the connected ovonic switch element's spike frequency to change. The developed artificial tactile neuron device is a high-response, high-sensitivity device that allows the pressing force to generate faster electrical spikes while improving the pressure sensitivity, which focuses on the fact that stiffer materials result in faster pressure sensing when pressed. The electrical spike duration (or 1/frequency) generated by the developed device is less than 0.00001 s, which is more than 100,000 times faster than the several seconds it usually takes to press an object. Additionally, while the existing devices could detect a low pressure (approximately 20 kPa, similar to a force of light pressing) with a spike frequency change of 20 to 40 Hz, the developed device can detect the low pressure with spike frequency changes of 1.2 MHz. This allows real-time conversion of changes in the pressing force into spikes. To deploy the developed device to actual disease diagnosis, the research team used elastography images of malignant and benign breast tumors and utilized a spiking neural network learning method. Each pixel of the color-coded ultrasound elastography image which is correlated with the stiffness of the imaged material was converted into a spike frequency change value and used for training the AI. As a result, it was possible to determine the malignancy of a breast tumor with up to 95.8% accuracy. The KIST research team stated, "the developed artificial tactile neuron technology is capable of detecting and learning mechanical properties with a simple structure and method." The team added, "Through follow-up research, it will be possible to solve the noise reflection issue, which is a disadvantage of ultrasound elastography if artificial tactile neurons can collect an object's elastography image obtainable using ultrasound elastography." The team also expects the device to be helpful in low-power and high-accuracy disease diagnosis and applications such as robotic surgery where a surgical site needs to be quickly determined in an environment humans cannot directly contact." - Image The research results are published as an inside back cover paper in Advanced Materials.

- Dramatically improved the performance of 2D semiconductor devices by supressing the Fermi-level pinning phenomenon - Expected to speed up the commercialization of next-generation system technologies such as miniaturization of artificial intelligence systems To realize artificial intelligence systems and autonomous driving systems, which is often seen in movies, in everyday life, processors that function as the brain of computers must be able to process more data. However, silicon-based logic devices, which are essential components of computer processors, have limitations in that processing costs and power consumption increase as miniaturization and integration progress. To overcome these limitations, studies are being conducted on electronic and logic devices based on very thin two-dimensional semiconductors at an atomic layer level. However, it is more difficult to control the electrical properties through doping in two-dimensional semiconductors than in conventional silicon-based semiconductor devices. Thus, it has been technically difficult to implement various logic devices with two-dimensional semiconductors. The Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST; President: Seok-jin Yoon) announced that a joint research team led by Dr. Do Kyung Hwang of the Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices and Professor Kimoon Lee of the Department of Physics at Kunsan National University (President: Jang-ho Lee), has succeeded in implementing two-dimensional semiconductor-based electronic and logic devices, whose electrical properties can be freely controlled by developing a new ultra-thin electrode material (Cl-SnSe2). The joint research team was able to selectively control the electrical properties of semiconductor electronic devices using Cl-doped tin diselenide (Cl-SnSe2), a two-dimensional electrode material. It was difficult to implement complementary logic circuits with conventional two-dimensional semiconductor devices because they only exhibit the characteristics of either N-type or P-type devices due to the Fermi-level pinning phenomenon. In contrast, if the electrode material developed by the joint research team is used, it is possible to freely control the characteristics of the N-type and P-type devices by minimizing defects with the semiconductor interface. In other words, a single device performs the functions of both N-type and P-type devices. Hence, there is no need to manufacture the N-type and P-type devices separately. By using this device, the joint research team successfully implemented a high-performance, low-power, complementary logic circuit that can perform different logic operations such as NOR and NAND. Dr. Hwang said that, “this development will contribute to accelerating the commercialization of next-generation system technologies such as artificial intelligence systems, which have been difficult to use in practical applications due to technical limitations caused by the miniaturization and high integration of conventional silicon semiconductor devices." He also anticipated that "the developed two-dimensional electrode material is very thin; hence, they exhibit high light transmittance and flexibility. Therefore, they can be used for next-generation flexible and transparent semiconductor devices." Image Operation results of the two-dimensional semiconductor device and logic device implemented by the joint research team Structure of the two-dimensional semiconductor electronic device implemented in this study (left) and its image captured through an electron microscope (right)

- 3T-OTS device to simulate the efficient information processing method of the human brain - A green light for the development of sensor-AI combined next-generation artificial intelligence “to be used in life and safety fields” Currently, AI services spread rapidly in daily life and in all industries. These services are enabled by connecting AI centers and terminals such as mobile devices, PCs, etc. This method, however, increases the burden on the environment by consuming a lot of power not only to drive the AI ？？system but also to transmit data. In times of war or disasters, it may become useless due to the power collapse and network failures, the consequences of which may be even more serious if it is an AI service in the life and safety field. As a next-generation artificial intelligence technology that can overcome these weaknesses, low-power and high-efficiency 'in-sensor computing' technology that mimics the information processing mechanism of the human nervous system is drawing attention. The Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST, President Seok-Jin Yoon) announced that its team led by Dr. Suyoun Lee (Center for Neuromorphic Engineering) has succeeded in developing ‘artificial sensory neurons’ that will be the key to the practical use of in-sensor computing. Neurons refine vast external stimuli (received by sensory organs such as eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and skin) into information in the form of spikes; and therefore, play an important role in enabling the brain to quickly integrate and perform complex tasks such as cognition, learning, reasoning, prediction, and judgment with little energy. The Ovonic threshold switch (OTS) is a two-terminal switching device that maintains a high resistance state (10-100 MΩ) below the switching voltage, and exhibits a sharp decrease in resistance above the switching voltage. In a precedent study, the team developed an artificial neuron device that mimics the action of neurons (integrate-and-fire) that generates a spike signal when the input signal exceeds a specific intensity. This study, furthermore, introduces a 3-terminal Ovonic Threshold Switch (3T-OTS) device that can control the switching voltage in order to simulate the behavior of neurons and quickly find and abstract patterns among vast amounts of data input to sensory organs. By connecting a sensor to the third electrode of the 3T-OTS device, which converts external stimuli into voltage, it was possible to realize a sensory neuron device that changes the spike patterns according to the external stimuli. The research team succeeded in realizing an artificial visual neuron device that mimics the information processing method of human sensory organs, by combining a 3T-OTS and a photodiode. In addition, by connecting an artificial visual neuron device with an artificial neural network that mimics the visual center of the brain, the team could distinguish COVID-19 infections from viral pneumonia with an accuracy of about 86.5% through image learning of chest X-rays. Dr Suyoun Lee, Director of the KIST Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, said, “This artificial sensory neuron device is a platform technology that can implement various sensory neuron devices such as sight and touch, by connecting with existing sensors. It is a crucial building block for in-sensor computing technology.” He also explained the significance of the research that “will make a great contribution to solving various social problems related to life and safety, such as, developing a medical imaging diagnostic system that can diagnose simultaneously with examinations, predicting acute heart disease through time-series pattern analysis of pulse and blood pressure, and realizing extrasensory ability to detect vibrations outside the audible frequency to prevent building collapse accidents, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.”. Image Distinguishing COVID-19 infection through image learning of chest X-rays The 3T-OTS device provides a platform for developing artificial sensory neurons, which generate spikes responding to external stimuli.

Realized 3D digital holograms by developing a polarization image sensor with no additional polarization filters. Miniaturization of the entire holographic camera sensor module is possible with follow-up research 3D holograms, previously seen only in science fiction movies, may soon make their way into our daily lives. Until now, 3D holograms based on phase shifting holography method could be captured using a large, specialized camera with a polarizing filter. However, a Korean research group has just developed technology that can acquire holograms on mobile devices, such as smartphones. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: " open="" sans",="" "helvetica="" neue",="" helvetica,="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 14px;="" background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);="" line-height:="" 1.5;"="">The Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST, Director Seok-jin Yoon) recently announced that a research team led by Dr. Min-Chul Park and Dr. Do Kyung Hwang of the Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, in collaboration with a research team led by Prof. Seongil Im of the Department of Physics at Yonsei University, was successful in developing a photodiode that detects the polarization of light in the near-infrared region without additional polarization filters and thus, the realization of a miniaturized holographic image sensor for 3D digital holograms, using the 2D semiconductor materials: rhenium diselenide and tungsten diselenide. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: " open="" sans",="" "helvetica="" neue",="" helvetica,="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 14px;="" background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);="" line-height:="" 1.5;"=""> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: " open="" sans",="" "helvetica="" neue",="" helvetica,="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 14px;="" background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);="" line-height:="" 1.5;"="">Photodiodes, which convert light into current signals, are essential components within the pixels of image sensors in digital and smartphone cameras. Introducing the ability to sense the polarization of light to the image sensor of an ordinary camera provides a variety of new information, enabling the storage of 3D holograms. Previous polarization-sensing cameras have an additional polarization filter, several hundred micrometers in size, attached to an ultra-small optical diode image sensor, less than a micrometer in size. Thus, they could not be implemented into portable electronic devices because of their inability to be integrated and miniaturized. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: " open="" sans",="" "helvetica="" neue",="" helvetica,="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 14px;="" background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);="" line-height:="" 1.5;"=""> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: " open="" sans",="" "helvetica="" neue",="" helvetica,="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 14px;="" background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);="" line-height:="" 1.5;"="">The research group developed a photodiode by stacking an n-type semiconductor, rhenium diselenide, which exhibits a difference in light absorption dependent on the linear polarization angle of light in the near-infrared (980 nm) region, and a p-type semiconductor, tungsten diselenide, which exhibits no difference in photo-response dependent on polarization, but enables superior performance. The device is excellent in the photodetection of various wavelengths from ultraviolet to near-infrared, even capable of selectively detecting the polarization characteristics of light in the near-infrared region. The research group utilized the device to create a digital holographic image sensor that records polarization characteristics to successfully capture holograms. <p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: " open="" sans",="" "helvetica="" neue",="" helvetica,="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 14px;="" background-color:="" rgb(255,="" 255,="" 255);="" line-height:="" 1.5;"=""> Dr. Hwang of KIST said, "Research on the downsizing and integration of individual elements is required to ultimately miniaturize holographic systems. The results of our research will lay the foundation for the future development of miniaturized holographic camera sensor modules." In addition, Dr. Park remarked, "The new sensor can further detect near-infrared light, as well as previously undetectable visible light, opening up new opportunities in various fields such as 3D night vision, self-driving, biotechnology, and near-infrared data acquisition for analyzing and restoring cultural assets." Image HOLOGRAM IMPLEMENTED WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR WSE2/RESE2, WHICH IS A POLARIZATION-SENSING PHOTODIODE, RESE2 ON THE FRONT AND WSE2 ON THE BACK ARE IMAGED IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE